哥特式建筑（Gothicarchitecture）

哥特式建筑（Gothic architecture）

In the fifth Century, with the demise of the Empire of Western

Rome, Europe entered the period when historians called it the

"middle ages". At this time in Europe, awareness of cultural

and literary and artistic landscape of ancient Greece and

unable to get up after a fall, the splendid culture of ancient

Rome, has become a distant dream, disappeared in the long night,

only the religious culture, especially Christian culture

thriving, not only become a symbol of the spirit of the middle

ages, has become a symbol of the power of the middle ages. But

in the cultural desert, miraculously the birth of a new

architectural culture architectural culture Gothic, its

strange and unique image, such as breaking the eagle not only

shows the nets above and snares below, the material and cultural

achievements, and life to reveal the characteristics of the

medieval European spirit culture. The level of architectural

art to a new height. If the whole medieval art, almost at a

standstill if so, only the construction of the eagle beat

straight into the sky, fly proud, the brilliant art broadcast

in Europe from all sides. In a sense, Gothic architecture is

not only the greatest art of the middle ages, but also the only

art of perpetual vitality in the middle ages. This great art,

however, was born not only in times of great greatness, but also

in a not so great name: Gothic architecture. Goth was originally

a Germanic people who took part in the destruction of ancient

Rome, and its title was vulgar and barbarous. It was a

renaissance European who was given medieval architecture for

distaste for the darkness of the middle ages. The Renaissance

is intended to denounce the medieval people's architectural

style, but later, with the development of history, the title

will lose its praise, and became a proper noun, the habit of

people will agree the main building architectural style and the

middle ages, are referred to as "Gothic building". The most

influential Gothic buildings, mostly church buildings. This,

of course, was related to the prevailing consciousness. The

dominant ideology in the Middle Ages was religious

consciousness, especially the Christian consciousness. At the

same time, it was related to the more developed technical level

at that time. Therefore, the influence of these two aspects also

determines the general style and characteristics of Gothic

architecture.

The overall style of Gothic architecture is dense, tall,

slender, sharp. They directly reflect the new structure,

technology and strong religious consciousness of the middle

ages. Sharp form, is the crystallization of sharp coupons,

pointed arch technology; towering walls, but contains a bracing

technology, buttress technology achievements. And the vacant

artistic conception and vertical upward form are the most exact

expressions of the connotation of Christian spirit. The tall,

straight, ethereal, illusory image seems to be directed at God,

inspiring people to escape from this world of misery and sin

and to the kingdom of heaven". The religious consciousness

expressed in this style and the technical achievements shown

can be felt in two aspects. The first is exterior modeling.

Gothic architecture, especially churches, is characterized by

its high and straight appearance, typically consisting of a

pair of tall minarets, with a gable in the middle,

In the railings, gates gable eaves hole arranged on a column

with a concave statue niches, the cross link between the central

facade, railings and concave circular rose window niche is the

symbol of heaven. The West facade as the church entrance, there

are three openings, openings within a few layers of moldings,

moldings engraved with clusters of icons. All the walls are

vertical lines through all other parts of system, and the

details of decoration in the pointed arch, sharp coupons, spire

synthesis elements, all of the arch are sharp, all openings on

the pediment, concave niche canopy, buttress ridges on the edge

are sharp edged, all of the tower, the upper wall buttresses

and pinnacles are dubbed into the sky. At the same time, the

facade of the building to divide more and more delicate,

exquisite decorative form. All this makes the whole church

filled with an otherworldly refined, prancing rise movement and

momentum. This momentum has shown the Christian ideal of the

kingdom of heaven as vivid and concrete, as well as the superb

architectural techniques of the middle ages. Secondly, we can

also see its religious feelings and technical means from the

characteristics of the internal space. In Gothic churches, the

use of the tip and the small arches gives the space and structure

a great deal of flexibility, as well as a novel pattern for the

church's artistic style. The plane is still the general Gothic

church Latin cross, but the hall is narrow and long, thin and

tall, the interior of the church and the altar of heaven

oriented force is very strong, the structure inside the church

all exposed to the frame, vertical line commands all the parts,

the space is very high with a symbol of heaven. Vision. The

pillars to bundle the zenith, like a bunch of fountains sprayed

from the ground to the sky; sometimes like a forest of tall and

straight trunk, leaf interwoven, light from the foliage gap in

enlightenment comes through, people lost in the light, whenever

the sun from the window frames covered with colored glass shines,

the church space will be filled with blurred and phantom, the

church is like heaven. This atmosphere has shown the spirit of

Christianity, and this atmosphere has undoubtedly benefited

from the techniques of sharp coupons, pointed arches and

spatial structures. In Gothic cathedrals, churches of high

prestige abound. Among them, the Notre Dame de Paris in France,

the Church of Duomo in Italy, and the Cologne Cathedral in

Germany are all representatives. Their exterior shape, detail

decoration and interior space structure both reflect the

general style characteristic of the Gothic architecture

adequately, and have distinct personality. So, people talk

about Gothic architecture, often take them for example.

The architectural art of ancient Rome is the inheritance and

development of ancient Greek architectural art. This

"succession" is not only from time to time, but also from the

basic style of architectural art. The content of this basic

style is the scale of human consciousness and human being.

However, this kind of human consciousness and the human scale,

in the ancient buildings in Rome has a new meaning, it is the

new meaning to promote the great ancient Rome architectural

foundation in the art of ancient Greece, on the way. If we say

that the ancient Greeks worship is embodied by the worship of

"God", then, the ancient Romans worship of the people, directly

tend to worship of the secular, real people, the people's

consciousness,

Also from the group to the individual, "emphasis on personal

praise and material enjoyment of life."". It is in such a sense

of right, and the buildings of ancient Rome not only with the

help of more advanced technology, the development of the

brilliant achievements of ancient Greek art, but also the

characteristics of the artistic style of ancient Greek

architecture, perfect harmony, noble, in the new social and

cultural background, from the "Temple" to the secular, give

this style to form new aesthetic taste and the corresponding.

Vitrurius, an architectural theorist in ancient Rome, pointed

out in his book architecture ten that the basic principle of

architecture should be "regulation, configuration, symmetry,

balance, propriety, and economy."". This can be said to be a

theoretical summary of the architectural features and artistic

styles of ancient Rome. In these characteristics, apparently

still has a content of ancient Greek architecture style harmony,

perfect and noble, but decent and economic leverage, "obviously

the ancient Greek architectural style of the" God "means, in

order to change the secular people. This can be seen directly

from the design of the building type and the appearance of the

building. The most outstanding architectural art in ancient

Greece was related to the gods, and the magnificence of the

temple reflected this feature more closely. The buildings of

ancient Rome's most brilliant, the most artistic value is to

serve the economy or human life (physical and mental) service

buildings, such as square, roads, bridges, tunnels, elevated

aqueduct, theater, arena, beach, residential and villa etc..

Almost all of these buildings serve people's material life or

spiritual enjoyment directly. In artistic style, they are also

the pursuit of harmony, the pursuit of perfection, the pursuit

of lofty, but is not a "sacred" harmonious, perfect and noble,

but the reality of life, is a "proper" economic prosperity,

peace and stability, and to stimulate the pursuit of reality

"lofty" some "sublime" also directly with a "tragedy" emotional

contact, such as the famous ancient Colosseum, its perfect,

harmonious and noble style, because of its function of the

tragedy that connected, is bathed in blood and tears of the

slave of a noble, so noble, make it perfect, with more secular,

it can make people exclaim and exciting, but it is difficult

to produce the kind of like a Greek temple "sacred". This can

be said to be the architectural style of ancient Rome harmony,

perfect, noble and ancient Greek architectural style of the

biggest difference. As for some other secular buildings, such

as the baths of Caracalla, its harmony, perfect and grand style,

mainly from secular feelings, rather than from the idealism of

the divine consciousness. In the specific architectural style,

the ancient Rome architecture also inherited the ancient Greek

architectural style, but also innovation and development of it.

Such as ancient Rome Coliseum in the external facade,

especially the 4 storey high external facade, is the ancient

greek column composition of carbon, it is at the bottom of the

second layer is the Doric order, ionic column, the third layer

is the top layer in the Corinth post, around the wall column.

However, this type of ancient Greece, the masterpiece of

ancient Rome is no longer as in ancient Greek architecture that

has the structure effect, it has been transformed into a simple

decoration, the real structure part structure is hidden in the

walls. Simultaneous,

On the roof of the shape, the ancient Romans is greatly

revolutionized the ancient Greek architecture form, the beam

column structure used in ancient Greece, replaced by a more

effective method to support the arch roof, in other hand,

appeared in the ancient Greek architecture is difficult to see

the "vault" roof. It is this "vault arch" roof that has become

the most obvious difference between the ancient Rome

architecture, especially the housing construction and the

ancient Greek housing construction. The arch structure due to

economic, practical, and aesthetic effect is also very good,

so it is not only applied to the temple and palace building,

and extended to all areas of daily life, such as roads, bridges,

aqueducts, ports, theater, residential, warehouse and sewer.

So that many magnificent buildings in the performance of

harmony, perfect and noble at the same time, with a clear

"round" flavor. But at the same time, the buildings of ancient

Rome and other aspects of consciousness in the reference and

inheritance characteristic of the ancient Greek architecture,

especially a use, often show a clear relationship between the

buildings of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture. For

example, Rome ancient temple of Pan Taiweng (also known as the

Pantheon), its main part is a dome of the huge concrete barrel,

this "circle" style, is the typical characteristics of the

ancient buildings in Rome, and in the entrance door, and on a

typical ancient Greek colonnades by eight, according to the

Corinth post colonnade. It is a triangular pediment. The whole

building was shown in ancient Rome building the inheritance and

innovation of the image.

Gothic church; architecture; art

From twelfth Century ad to fifteenth Century ad, the city has

become the political, religious, economic and cultural center

of various feudal kingdoms. During this period, Gothic art

emerged as a product of the great development of feudal society.

"Gothic" refers to the barbarians, Gothic art is the meaning

of savage arts, is a derogatory term. In the eyes of Europeans,

the Rome style is an orthodox art, and then the new building

form is relegated to "Gothic".

The first Gothic building was born in the domain of the king

of france. Then all of Europe was influenced by the "Gothic"

influence.

Someone refers to Gothic architecture, Gothic sculpture was

originally attached to the building, and the building in

thirteenth Century after peak separation; Gothic painting in

the year 14 - fifteenth Century.

The characteristics of Gothic church architecture in the

artistic form: first in the volume and height to create a new

record, from the church hall height, Cologne hall 48 meters high

from the church; the height of clock tower look at Germany's

Ulm City Church up to 161 meters. The second is the body very

strong upward momentum, brisk vertical line straight through

his body. Whether the wall and the tower is to partition the

finer, more decorative, more exquisite, and the top are sharp

and piercing the sky pinnacles. Not only are all the coupons

sharp, but also the upper part of the building and the details

are pointed, and the church is full of upward momentum. This

high, straight, sharp and strong upward momentum for the

characteristics of the style is the embodiment of the world

Church rejected religious ideas, but also the city to show its

strong vitality of the spirit of reflection.

If the Rome type with its thick and stocky, unshakable form to

show the authority of the church, the form of a retro inherits

the traditional means, so the Holy Spirit bold Gothic,

dexterity, the rising power of the Church of the barbarians.

The helicopter line space over cracks, through the stained

glass windows of colorful light and every kind of light and

exquisite decorative sculpture, synthetically create a "non

human" realm, to give people a sense of mystery. Some people

say that Rome is building on the floor of the palace, Gothic

architecture is a heaven shrine.

The Gothic church structure changes, resulting in a flame

momentum, the people will take to the "Kingdom of heaven",

successfully embodies the religious ideas, people's visual and

emotional sublimation with upward spires, there is a feeling

close to God and heaven.

From the aesthetic perspective, Rome style building wide main

muddy, but is the Gothic show close the country to international

intercourse, a human mind impulse, it is no longer purely

religious buildings, is no longer a military fortress, but the

cultural symbol of the city, that get a bit limited freedom in

the dark ages. People will find a real world of the sun through

the dark ages.

Along with Gothic architecture, it was a beautiful stained

glass window painting. This kind of painting is also a Bible

for illiterate believers. The round rose window symbolizes

heaven, and all kinds of saints climb colorful windows, which

resemble the colorful stage pictures. When people come near the

church, they not only produce a sense of magic to the kingdom

of heaven, but also produce decorative beauty. Because it is

a glass picture, it can be colored by the penetration of light

rays. It is fascinating with its wonderful light color.

Gothic sculpture is indispensable for building the decoration

of the church, its characters began to keep the space position

independent, the pursuit of the three dimensional solid

modeling, and strive to meet the real image, the pursuit of

natural and vivid shape, the body gradually plump up, pleats

also have structural changes, make people feel the clothes

inside is real the human body. A statue is no longer the mold

of human form, but of flesh and blood. On the use of Gothic

sculpture and high relief carvings of the close.

Gothic art close to life and realism, all over Europe, so also

known as the International Gothic style. Late Gothic art has

obviously nurtured the renaissance.