大学本科电子专业毕业设计智能晾衣架设计毕业设计

2023年4月21日发(作者：家庭装修污染有哪些)

毕业设计说明书(论文)

设计(论文)题目: 智能晾衣架控制电路设计

专 业:

班 级:

学 号:

姓 名:

指导教师:

年 月 日

毕业设计（论文）任务书

学 生 学

姓 名 号

3 班级 专业 应用电子技术

设计（或论文）题目 智能晾衣架控制电路设计

指导教师姓名 职 称 工作单位及所从事专业 联系方式 备 注

讲师 无

高级工

程师

无

设计（论文）内容：

[注意：选题要结合实际。设计（论文）内容要详细写明具体步骤；学生在该设计中具体

完成的工作（结果）]

1．电源电路设计；

2．雨滴感知电路及光敏传感器电路的设计；

3．自动收衣晾衣电路设计。

进度安排：

要有较为详细的时间安排（时间具体到周）；

第3-5周：资料收集；

第6-7周：论文初稿；

第8-11周：电路设计、仿真或实物；

第12-14周：论文定稿；

第15-16周：论文答辩。

主要参考文献、资料(写清楚参考文献名称、作者、出版单位)：

[1] 王一群．电子技术及制作．福建：福建科技出版社

[2] 张中洲．电路技术基础．北京：电子工业出版社

[3] 任为民．电子技术基础课程设计指导．中央广播电视大学出版社，1986

[4] 贾更新主编．电子技术基础实验、设计与仿真．郑州大学出版社，2006

[5] 康华光主编．电子技术基础模拟部分．北京：高等教育出版社，2006

[6] 朱定华主编．电子技术基础课程设计．科技大学出版社，2009

教研室负责人：

年 月 日

审

批

意

见

备注：任务书由指导教师填写，一式二份。其中学生一份，指导教师一份。

毕业设计说明书

目 录

摘 要 ................................................................................................................................... 1

第1章 绪论 ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 晾衣架概述 ............................................................................................................ 2

1.2 设计目的与意义 .................................................................................................... 3

1.3 设计要求及内容 .................................................................................................... 3

第2章 系统方案 ................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 电源设计方案 ........................................................................................................ 4

2.2 收衣晾衣方案 ........................................................................................................ 5

2.3 方案的确定 ............................................................................................................ 5

第3章 单元电路设计 ......................................................................................................... 7

3.1 电源电路的设计 .................................................................................................... 7

3.2 收衣晾衣传感器及信号处理电路的设计 ............................................................ 8

3.3 单稳态触发电路的设计 ........................................................................................ 8

3.3.1 555定时器 ................................................................................................... 9

3.3.2 单稳态延时电路原理图 ........................................................................... 10

3.3.3 单稳态延时电路工作过程 ....................................................................... 11

3.4 正反转驱动控制电路的设计 .............................................................................. 11

第4章 电路的仿真 ........................................................................................................... 13

4.1 雨天收衣电路的仿真 .......................................................................................... 13

4.2 晴天晾衣电路的仿真 .......................................................................................... 14

总 结 ................................................................................................................................. 15

参 考 文 献 ....................................................................................................................... 16

附录1 雨天智能晾衣架电路原理图 ................................................................................ 17

附录2 晴天智能晾衣架电路原理图 ................................................................................ 18

I

毕业设计说明书

摘 要

本设计介绍了一种能够识别晴雨天气，自动实现收晾衣服功能的智能晾衣架。该

智能晾衣架能有效的避免在下雨时衣服无人收起而被雨淋湿；或在阳光强烈时，衣架

能自动伸出接受阳光的充分照射。电路部分通过传感器获得感应信号，控制触点开关

的闭合或断开，进而控制电机的正反转，起到自动收晾衣服的作用。该智能晾衣架设

计简单，在电路设计上很有创新意义，制作成本较低，实用价值较高，且使用方便，

性能可靠。

关键词 晾衣架；智能；自动收回；自动伸出

第1页

毕业设计说明书

第1章 绪论

1.1 晾衣架概述

“晾衣架”一般指“升降晾衣架”，分手动、电动两种。手动（手摇）较为普及。

电动之所以未能普及推广，这是由于整个行业技术上的不成熟以及售后服务的局限

——毕竟是镶在天花板上，不像小家电一样容易搬移去维修保养。因而目前，还是手

动（手摇）为市场的主导。“晾衣架”是中国一大特色产品，该行业形成至今也就近

十年时间，从开创至今技术不断改进和变革，其基本组成为：手摇器（负责升降、自

锁），钢丝，转向器，顶座，晾杆，衣架。手摇器是晾衣架的核心部件，相当于汽车

的发动机，由最初“恋衣”的塑料手摇器，到“好太太”的“全金属”手摇器，材料、

结构、款式的不断推陈出新，但质量依旧没有大的突破，晾衣架维修率依然集中在手

摇器这个关键部件。手摇器质量依旧是行业最关注的焦点。直至2007年“居博士”

首家推出一款质量保用五年的手摇器，给行业一颗定心丸。该款手摇器具备行业前所

未有的六大特点，因质量稳定，其结构开始被行业众多厂家纷纷效仿，成为典范！

晾衣架不仅仅是一个装饰品，更是一个功能性的产品。目前晾衣架的“功能”已

经普遍得到消费者的认可，已经形成一个“行业”。如果说“恋衣”是这个行业的开

创者将行业开端，“好太太”是成功的包装营销商将行业推开，那么“居博士”则独

竖一帜：回归产品本身——走质量、特色路线：不断改良、创新，引领行业重新重视

质量。实用的产品，质量才是永恒的。只有质量被大众接收，行业才可持续健康发展。

换言之，只要功能、质量普遍被认可，晾衣架将会成为居民生活一个必需品。

随着社会的发展，科学的进步，以上所述的传统的升降晾衣架已经不能满足人们

的需求。假如住户是双职工，或者住户有事在外，那么如果下雨或者夜晚，传统升降

晾衣架就做不到使晾晒在室外的衣物避雨、避露水的功能。每当下雨的时候，恰好不

在家，衣服却晾在阳台上，这时候，假如有一台智能型的晾衣架，它能够自动识别晴

天和雨天，太阳出来时为我们自动晾衣服，下雨时自动为我们收衣服，一切都智能为

我们服务，那我们是不是省去了很多工夫呢？

第2页

毕业设计说明书

1.2 设计目的与意义

1．学习基本理论在实践中综合运用的初步经验，掌握模拟电路设计的基本方法

及设计步骤，培养综合设计能力。

2．进一步了解智能晾衣架的组成框图和各个单元电路的工作原理及相互联系。

3．掌握单稳态触发器的工作原理和各元器件的功能。

4．锻炼自己对所学理论知识和技能的综合运用能力。

5．本文设计的智能晾衣架解决了衣物晾在户外，遇下雨不能及时收进和天气转

晴不能自动晾出的后顾之忧，具有很高的实用价值。

1.3 设计要求及内容

1．设计要求

（1）电路要能够识别晴雨天气，自动完成收晾衣的目的。

（2）设计电路结构，画出电路的总体框图，选择电路中所需元件，画出实用整

机原理电路图。

2．设计内容

主要设计一个智能晾衣架的内部电路，其设计内容主要包括一下几个部分：

（1）方案论证及系统框图；

（2）单元电路设计；

（3）电路仿真。

第3页

毕业设计说明书

第2章 系统方案

2.1 电源设计方案

1．电源方案一：

Uo

220V

变

压

器

桥

式

全

波

整

流

滤

波

集

成

稳

压

+5V

该方案的设计方框图如上所示，将220V/50Hz变成整流滤波所需大小的交流电，

然后再将交流电变成单项脉动直流电，再减小单项脉动直流电的脉动成分，最后得到

平滑滤波的直流电的纹波成分，使输出为+5V平稳的直流电。但由于交流电网输入电

压的波动和电路负载的变化使直流电压不稳定，因此在本直流电源中增加稳压电路以

确保设备的正常工作。

2．电源方案二：

Uo

220V

该方案的设计方框图如上所示，该设计与方案一的设计只有第二步不同，其余步

骤都相同。方案一中整流部分选用的是桥式全波整流，而该方案则选用半波整流。

综上所述，两种方案比较，全波整流的输出是交流输入电压的0.9倍，效率高，

直流电压平稳，能充分利用变压器的功率。半波整流虽然所需原器件较少，电路简单，

但输出是交流输入的0.45倍，效率低，使变压器的功率不能充分利用，故电源部分

第4页

图2-1 电源方案一框图

变

压

器

半

波

整

流

滤

波

分

立

稳

压

+5V

图2-2 电源方案二框图

毕业设计说明书

的设计采用方案一。

2.2 收衣晾衣方案

1．收衣晾衣方案一：

传感器及信号单片机硬件电

图2-3 收衣晾衣方案一框图

处理电路 路

驱动控制电路

由雨滴传感器控制电路、光敏传感器控制电路经集成运放产生的数字信号，经单

片机的输入口输入给单片机。单片机经分析处理后所得到结果，从单片机输出引脚输

出相应的信号，从而控制电动机正反转。

2．收衣晾衣方案二：

传感器及信号555单稳态触

图2-4 收衣晾衣方案二框图

处理电路 发电路

驱动控制电路

由雨滴传感器控制电路、光敏传感器控制电路经集成运放产生的信号，经555

单稳态触发器分析处理后，控制触点开关的闭合或断开，进而控制电机正转，自动实

现收衣晾衣动作。

综上所述，两种方案比较，在功能方面两者都能实现电机正反转，从而实现收衣

晾衣功能。方案一主要通过单片机硬件电路来实现，该方案的稳定性高，但是引脚繁

多，过于复杂化。方案二通过555单稳态触发器来实现，元器件少，稳定性高，容易

实现，故收衣晾衣部分的设计采用方案二。

2.3 方案的确定

通过分析论证，为了使该设计电路简单明了，功能可以得到更好的实现，电源部

分的设计选则方案一，其效率高，直流电压平稳，能充分利用变压器的功率。而收衣

晾衣部分的设计则选择方案二，其元器件少，且稳定性高，容易实现。该设计的整体

设计框图如图2-5所示。

第5页

毕业设计说明书

图2-5 整体框图

电源

传感器及信号驱动控制

处理电路

555单稳态

触发电路

电路

当雨天或晴天时，湿度传感器或光敏传感器获得信号，并将信号传送给运放，运

放输出低电平，经过555单稳态触发器，输出高电平，高电平信号被送到驱动控制电

路，从而控制电机正反转，使晾衣架自动伸缩，实现自动收衣晾衣功能。

第6页

毕业设计说明书

第3章 单元电路设计

3.1 电源电路的设计

该直流稳压源电路实现的是+5V的电压输出，原理图如下所示：

FU

1

LS7805

Vin Vout

DNG

2

+ +

C1

D3

图3-1 直流稳压源电路图

D4

C3 C4

C2

3

D1

D2

5V

交流电经过降压，整流，滤波可以得到比较平滑的直流电，但由于交流电网输入

电压的波动和电路负载的变化使直流电压不稳定，因此在本直流电源中增加稳压电路

以确保设备的正常工作。

在连接电路中，需要在变压器的副边接入保险丝FU，以防电路短路损坏变压器

或其它器件，其额定电流要略大于Iomax，选FU的熔断电流为1A。整个电源电路结

构形式为220V电压经过9V的变压器输入桥式整流电路中，使得我们的交流电变成

了不稳定的直流电，后经几个极性电容滤波使不稳定的直流电变成比较稳定的直流

电，在接入到三端稳压器LM7805输入端，稳压器内部含有过流、过热保护电路。并

且LM7805输出固定的+5V直流电压供后面的负载使用。其各部分波形图如图3-2所

示；

变压 整流 滤波 稳压

图3-2 波形图

第7页

毕业设计说明书

3.2 收衣晾衣传感器及信号处理电路的设计

雨天智能晾衣架电路中，传感器集成运放电路是由湿度传感器以及一个集成运算

放大器构成，其中M代表湿度传感器，当下雨时，M遇水就导通，使运放U1输出

低电平。电路图由图3-3所示。

R1

R1

+

_

U1

M

R3

图3-3 湿度传感器集成运放电路图

晴天智能晾衣架电路中，传感器集成运放电路是由光敏传感器以及一个集成运算

放大器构成，其中R4为光敏传感器（光敏电阻），电位器RP2用于调节光敏电阻的

灵敏度，当阳光充足时，光敏电阻阻值下降，使运放U3输出低电平。电路图如图3-4

所示。

RP2

R5

+

_

U2

R4

R6

图3-4 光敏传感器集成运放电路图

3.3 单稳态触发电路的设计

单稳态触发电路由一个555芯片构成单稳态触发器来控制，单稳态触发器具有稳

态和暂稳态两个不同的工作状态。在外界触发脉冲作用下，它能从稳态翻转到暂稳态，

在暂稳态维持一段时间以后，在自动返回稳态；暂稳态维持时间的长短取决于电路本

身的参数，与触发脉冲的宽度和幅度无关。由于单稳态触发器具有这些特点，常用来

第8页

毕业设计说明书

产生具有固定宽度的脉冲信号。

按电路结构的不同，单稳态触发器可分为微分型和积分型两种，微分型单稳态触

发器适用于窄脉冲触发，积分型适用于宽脉冲触发。无论是哪种电路结构，其单稳态

的产生都源于电容的充放电原理。

用555定时器构成的单稳态触发器是负脉冲触发的单稳态触发器，其暂稳态维持

时间为

T =1.1RC （3-1）

w

仅与电路本身的参数R、C有关。

3.3.1 555定时器

1.电路组成

555芯片的内部电路如图3-8所示，它由三个阻值为5KΩ的电阻组成的电阻分压

器、两个电压比较器C和C、基本RS触发器、集电极开路的放电三极管VT以及缓

12

冲器等组成。

a)555内部结构图 b)555管脚图

图3-5 555定时器

（1）电阻分压器由三个5KΩ的电阻R组成，为电压比较器C和C提供基准电

12

压。

（2）电压比较器由C和C组成，当控制电压输入端CO悬空时，C和C的基

1212

准电压为别为2/3Vcc和1/3Vcc。

C的反相输入端TH称为555的定时器高触发端，C的同相输入端称为555

12

TR

定时器的低触发端。

（3）基本RS触发器

第9页

毕业设计说明书

基本RS触发器由两个与非门G和G构成。比较器C的输出作为置0输入端，

121

若C输出为0，则Q=0；比较器C的输出作为置1输入端，若C输出为0，则Q=1。

122

RR

是定时器的复位输入端，只要=0，定时器的输出端OUT则为0，正常工作

时，必须使处于高点平。

R

（4）放电管VT

VT是集电极开路的三极管，VT的集电极作为定时器的引出端D。

（5）缓冲器

缓冲器由G和G构成，用于提高电路的负载能力。

34

2.工作原理

RRR

为置0输入端，当=0时，定时器的输出OUT为0；当=1时，555定时器

具有以下功能：

（1）当高触发端TH>2/3Vcc,且低触发端>1/3Vcc时,比较器C输出低电平；

TR

1

C输出的低电平将RS触发器置为0状态，即Q=0，使得定时器的输出OUT为0，

1

同时放电管VT导通。

（2）当低触发端<1/3Vcc,且高触发端TH<2/3Vcc时，比较器C输出为低电平；

TR

2

C输出的低电平将RS触发器置为1状态，即Q=1，使得定时器的输出OUT为1，同

2

时放电管VT截止。

（3）当TH<2/3Vcc,>1/3Vcc时，定时器的输出OUT和放电管VT的状态保持

TR

不变。

根据以上分析，可以得出555定时器的功能表，见表3-1。

表3-1 555定时器的功能表

输入 输出

TH OUT VT

X 0 X 0

>2/3Vcc 0 >1/3Vcc 1

<2/3Vcc >1/3Vcc 1

<2/3Vcc 1 <1/3Vcc 1

不变 不变

导通

导通

截止

TRR

3.3.2 单稳态延时电路原理图

第10页

毕业设计说明书

图3-6 单稳态延时电路原理图

R3

1k

F1

C4

510p

MG45

GR

光敏电阻

R5

10k

F2 RST

Uc

Ui1 2

+

C5

2200Uf

R6

10k

Ui

8

4

VCC

7

3

Uo

DIS

OUT

6

THR

TRI

5

COM

C6

GND

100nf

1 LM555CM

12V/1.2Ah

蓄电池

U

i1

0 t

Uc

0

Uo

Tw

0

t

图3-7 单稳态延时电路的工作波形

2/3Vcc

t

3.3.3 单稳态延时电路工作过程

当U的下降沿到来时，由于<1/3Vcc,而TH=Uc=0，从555定时器的功能表

i1

TR

（3-1）不难看出，输出端Uo的输出电平为高电平，电路进入延时状态，内部放电管

VT截止。由于放电管VT截止，12/1.2Ah蓄电池通过对充电，当对TH充电到

RC

65

TH>2/3Vcc时，输出端Uo的输出电平跳变为低电平，电路退出延时状态，此时内部

放电管VT导通。电路退出延时延时状态后，C通过导通的放电管VT放电，使电路

5

迅速恢复到初始状态。

根据该电路的工作波形可以算出该电路的延时时间≈1.1

TRC

w65

3.4 正反转驱动控制电路的设计

当555定时器的输出端为高电平时，继电器就开始工作，从而控制二通电磁阀的

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毕业设计说明书

导通，其原理图如图3-10所示：

图3-8 驱动控制电路原理图

定时器的

输出

R7

电池阀

D5

+

这次设计用的继电器是+5V的电压控制继电器，有常闭和常开两种状态，当定时

器输出为高电平时，继电器的输入端加上了驱动电压，使继电器为常闭状态，既而使

二通电磁阀加上220V的交流电压，电机转动智能晾衣架实现伸缩。当定时器的输出

为低电平时继电器的输入没有驱动电压，使继电器进入常开状态，此时电磁阀不工作。

第12页

毕业设计说明书

第4章 电路的仿真

此次电路仿真运用的EWB仿真软件，在仿真过程中也遇到少许问题，例如EWB

元器件库中没有传感器之类的元器件而只能用开关代替。而且在仿真电路时不能改变

元器件库里面设置好的元件参数。但是，通过努力，最终仿真还是比较成功。对于雨

天和晴天的电路都通过了仿真。

4.1 雨天收衣电路的仿真

VCC

5V

VCC

R4

5kΩ

Key=B

50%100Ω

1

A1

VCC

RSTOUT

DIS

THR

X1

83

R5

D1

1N1202C

46

12V_10W

R9R7

470kΩ100kΩ

7TRI

3

6

2

R1

500kΩ

U2

CON

GND

7

J1

R8

100kΩ

Key = A

LM207D555_VIRTUAL

4

9

C1

R2

100uF

100kΩ

2

J2

10mA 0mA

5

C2

10nF

010

V1

12 V

图4-1 雨天收衣的仿真图

如图，当下雨时，湿度传感器得到信号，J1导通，运放U2输出低电平，通过

A1（555集成电路）单稳态触发电路，输出高电平，使继电器J2得电，控制电机正

转，晾衣架收回，仿真图中的现象为灯泡发光。当经过定时时间T=1.1RC后，灯泡

41

熄灭，完成收衣动作，电路处于正常状态。仿真图中R4用于调节定时时间。

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毕业设计说明书

4.2 晴天晾衣电路的仿真

VCC

VCC

5V

R6

1MΩ

R7

Key=A

100kΩ

50%

8CON

3

R3

5kΩ

R1

Key=B

500kΩ

50%

9

12

A1

VCC

RSTOUT

DIS

THR

TRI

X1

834

R5

100Ω

J2

20mA 0mA

12V_10W

U1A

1

GND

7

1

2

25

C1

100uF

555_VIRTUAL1N1202C

D1

4

LM1458H

R4

R8

100kΩ

1MΩ

Key=S

70%

R9

100kΩ

0

10

C2

10nF

V1

12 V

图4-2 晴天晾衣的仿真图

如图所示，当天晴时，R4电位器代表光敏传感器（光敏电阻），R6用于调节光

敏电阻的灵敏度，当阳光充足时，光敏电阻阻值逐渐下降，使运放U1A输出低电平，

该低电平信号通过A1（555集成电路）单稳态触发电路，输出高电平，使继电器J2

得电，控制电机的反转，晾衣架伸出，仿真图中的现象为灯泡发光。当经过定时时间

T=1.1RC后，灯泡熄灭，完成晾衣动作，电路处于正常状态。仿真图中R3用于调

32

节定时时间。

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毕业设计说明书

总 结

通过本次毕业设计，使我受到了一次应用所学的专业知识、专业技能分析和解决

问题的全面系统的锻炼。刚开始着手于毕业设计时什么都不明白，也不知何从下手，

但经过两个月的学习使我学到了不少新的知识，也复习了很多忘记了的旧知识。这次

设计使我在综合知识的选用方面，产品开发的基本思想、方法方面，以及常用电路分

析思路技巧的掌握方面都能向前迈了一大步，为日后成为合格的应用型人才打下良好

的基础。

在搞设计的过程中会碰到很多我们不太熟悉的元件和不太了解的电路，也就是通

过对这些实际问题的解决来提高我们分析问题和处理问题的能力，同时也在无形中使

我们养成了认真和善于思考的良好习惯。这也是我们做毕业设计的目的之所在，把所

学的专业知识运用到实际的电路中来，并在此基础上发现一些实际的问题并解决它，

由此不仅提高了我们的动手能里，也使我们所学的专业知识在实际中升华。

本次设计在指导老师以及同学的帮助下，基本实现了设计的目的，软件仿真得到

了实现。但是，在仿真过程中也遇到少许问题，例如EWB元器件库中没有传感器之

类的元器件而只能用开关或者电阻代替。而且在仿真电路时不能改变元器件库里面设

置好的元件参数。

总之此次毕业设计的完成对我无论是知识的拓展还是思考问题的全面性都有很

大的提高。

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毕业设计说明书

参 考 文 献

[1] 王一群．电子技术及制作．福建：福建科技出版社

[2] 张中洲．电路技术基础．北京：电子工业出版社

[3] 任为民．电子技术基础课程设计指导．中央广播电视大学出版社，1986

[4] 贾更新．电子技术基础实验、设计与仿真．郑州大学出版社，2006

[5] 康华光．电子技术基础模拟部分．北京：高等教育出版社，2006

[6] 朱定华．电子技术基础课程设计．科技大学出版社，2009

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毕业设计说明书

附录1 雨天智能晾衣架电路原理图

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毕业设计说明书

附录2 晴天智能晾衣架电路原理图

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毕业设计说明书

附录：

From the world of radio in the world to a single chip

Modern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into

the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the

era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era

of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer

systems (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most

extensive and most popular embedded systems.

First, radio has created generations of excellence in the world

Fifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced electronic

technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications

(telegraph), Amateur Radio, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control,

remote technology. Early that these electronic technology led many young people into the

wonderful digital world, radio show was a wonderful life, the prospects for science and technology.

Electronics began to form a new discipline. Radio electronics, wireless communications began

e-world journey. Radio technology not only as a representative of advanced science and

technology at that time, but also from popular to professional fields of science, attracting the

young people and enable them to find a lot of fun. Ore from the bedside to the superheterodyne

radio radio; report issued from the radio amateur radio stations; from the telephone, electric bell to

the radio control model. Became popular youth radio technology, science and technology

education is the most popular and most extensive content. So far, many of the older generation of

engineers, experts, Professor of the year are radio enthusiasts. Fun radio technology, radio

technology, comprehensive training, from basic principles of electronics, electronic components to

the radio-based remote control, telemetry, remote electronic systems, has trained several

generations of technological excellence.

Second, from the popularity of the radio era to era of electronic technology

The early radio technology to promote the development of electronic technology, most

notably electronic vacuum tube technology to semiconductor electronic

technology. Semiconductor technology to realize the active device miniaturization and low

cost, so more popular with radio technology and innovation, and to greatly broaden the number of

non-radio-control areas. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of

integrated circuit, forming the modern electronic technology leap from discrete electronics into the

era of era of integrated circuits. Electronic design engineers no longer use the discrete electronic

components designed circuit modules, and direct selection of integrated circuit components

constitute a single system. They freed the design of the circuit unit dedicated to system design,

greatly liberating the productive forces of science and technology, promote the wider spread of

electronic systems. Semiconductor integrated circuits in the basic digital logic circuits first

breakthrough. A large number of digital logic circuits, such as gates, counters, timers, shift

registers, and analog switches, comparators, etc., for the electronic digital control provides

excellent conditions for the traditional mechanical control to electronic control. Power electronic

devices and sensor technology to make the original to the radio as the center of electronic

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毕业设计说明书

technology turned to mechanical engineering in the field of digital control systems, testing in the

field of information collection, movement of electrical mechanical servo drive control object.

Semiconductor and integrated circuit technology will bring us a universal age of electronic

technology, wireless technology as the field of electronic technology a part of. 70 years into the

20th century, large scale integrated circuit appeared to promote the conventional electronic circuit

unit-specific electronic systems development. Many electronic systems unit into a dedicated

integrated devices such as radios, electronic clocks, calculators, electronic engineers in these areas

from the circuit, the system designed to debug into the device selection, peripheral device adapter

work. Electronic technology, and electronic products enriched, electronic engineers to reduce the

difficulty, but at the same time, radio technology, electronic technology has weakened the charm.

The development of semiconductor integrated circuits classical electronic systems are maturing,

remain in the large scale integrated circuit other than

the shrinking of electronic technology, electronic technology is not the old days of radio fun

times and comprehensive engineering training.

Third, from the classic era of electronic technology to modern electronic technology of the

times

80 years into the 20th century, the century of economic change is the most important

revolution in the computer. The computer revolution in the most important sign is the birth of the

computer embedded applications. Modern computer numerical requirements should be born. A

long period of time, is to develop the massive computer numerical duty. But the computer shows

the logic operation, processing, control, attracting experts in the field of electronic control, they

want development to meet the control object requirements of embedded applications, computer

systems. If you meet the massive data-processing computer system known as general-purpose

computer system, then the system can be the embedded object (such as ships, aircraft, motorcycles,

etc.) in a computer system called the embedded computer. Clearly, both the direction of

technology development are different. The former requires massive data storage, handling,

processing and analysis of high-speed data transmission; while the latter requires reliable

operation in the target environment, the external physical parameters on high-speed acquisition,

analysis and processing logic and the rapid control of external objects. It will add an early

general-purpose computer data acquisition unit, the output driver circuit reluctance to form a heat

treatment furnace temperature control system. This general-purpose computer system is not

possible for most of the electronic system used, and to make general-purpose computer system

meets the requirements of embedded applications, will inevitably affect the development of

high-speed numeric processing. In order to solve the contradiction between the development of

computer technology, in the 20th century 70s, semiconductor experts another way, in full

accordance with the electronic system embedded computer application requirements, a

micro-computer's basic system on a chip, the formation of the early SCM (Single Chip

Microcomputer). After the advent of single chip in the computer industry began to appear in the

general-purpose computer systems and embedded systems the two branches. Since then, both the

embedded system, or general-purpose computer systems have been developed rapidly.

Although the early general-purpose computer converted the embedded computer systems,

and real embedded system began in the emergence of SCM. Because the microcontroller is

designed specifically for embedded applications, the MCU can only achieve embedded

applications. MCU embedded applications that best meet environmental requirements, for

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毕业设计说明书

example, chip-level physical space, large-scale integrated circuits low-cost, good peripheral

interface bus and outstanding control of instruction. A computer system microcontroller core,

embedded electronic systems, intelligent electronic systems for the foundation. Therefore, the

current single chip electronic system in widespread use of electronic systems to enable rapid

transition to the classical modern intelligent electronic systems.

4, single chip to create the modern era of electronic systems

A microcontroller and embedded systems Embedded computer systems from embedded

applications, embedded systems for early general-purpose computer adapted to the object system

embedded in a variety of electronic systems, such as the ship's autopilot, engine monitoring

systems. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded into

the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required data collection, processing,

status display, the output control functions, as embedded in the object system, embedded system

computer does not have an independent form and function of the computer. SCM is entirely in

accordance with the requirements of embedded system design, so SCM is the most typical

embedded systems. SCM is the early application of technical requirements in accordance with the

design of embedded computer chip integration, hence the name single chip. Subsequently, the

MCU embedded applications to meet the growing demands of its control functions and peripheral

interface functions, in particular, highlight the control function, so has international name the

single chip microcontroller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit).

2 MCU modern electronic systems consisting of electronic systems will become mainstream

MCU is a device-level computer systems, it can be embedded into any object system to

achieve intelligent control. Small to micro-machinery, such as watches,

hearing aids. Low-cost integrated device-level, low-to a few dollars, ten dollars, enough to

spread to many civilian SCM appliances, electronic toys to go. SCM constitutes a modern

electronic systems has in-depth to the households, are changing our lives, such as home audio,

televisions, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones, security systems, and air

conditioners. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave ovens use SCM,

it can easily set the clock, the program memory, power control; air conditioner after use of SCM is

not only convenient for remote parameter setting, running automatically transform, frequency

control can be achieved. At present, many household appliances such as VCD, DVD only single

chip to achieve its function may occur before. 3 Embedded Systems led the entire electronics

industry Current electronic components industry, in addition to microprocessors, embedded

system devices, the most modern electronic systems around the supporting components industries,

such as keys used to meet the human-computer interaction, LED / LCD display drivers, LED /

LCD display units, voice integrated device, etc., to meet the requirements of data acquisition

channel digital sensor, ADC, data acquisition module, signal conditioning modules to meet the

servo drive control in the DAC, solid state relays, stepper motor controller, frequency control unit,

etc., to meet the communication requirements various bus driver, level converters. Electronic

components in the embedded systems world, driven by embedded applications along fully meet

requirements of modern electronic systems development. This makes the original classic world of

increasingly small electronic systems. Practitioners in the various electronic systems to modern

electronic systems as early as possible to stay.

5, SCM will create a new generation of electronic elite

If the 50's, radio has created several generations of the world elite, then today's SCM will

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毕业设计说明书

create a new generation of e-world elite. A single chip with you to the intelligent electronics If we

as a dead classic electronic system electronic system, then the intelligent modern electronic

systems is a "life" of the electronic system. Application System of hardware, electronic systems,

"body", microcontroller applications, the application

gives it "life." For example, in the design of intelligent machines monitor display, it can boot

the system self-test results show, not to enter the work shows a variety of stand-by state,

equipment run-time display running processes, work can be displayed after the end of the current

results, self results, raw data, reports and other various processing. Unattended, it can run

automatically given a variety of functions. Intelligent electronic systems for the endless realm,

often without additional hardware resources can achieve all kinds of renovated function. It is also

present in many household appliances feature a large number of additional factors. 2 single chip

computer with you to the industrial area The 21st century is the century of humanity into the

computer age, many people are not used in the manufacture of computer is the computer. People

using the computer, only the people engaged in embedded system applications really into the

internal computer system hardware and software systems, can we truly understand the nature of

the computer's intelligence and grasp the knowledge of intelligent design. MCU applications

starting from the learning technology applications in today's computer software training, hardware

and technical personnel of one of the best roads. 3 SCM bring you into the most attractive in the

digital world Charming single chip to enable you to experience the true meaning of the computer,

you can design intelligent microcontroller hands-on toys, different applications can be designed to

achieve different functions. Both software design and hardware making there, both mental and

physical, but also hands. Primary level can develop intelligent toys, with macro programming.

Intermediate levels can develop some intelligent controller, such as computer mouse, smart cars,

all kinds of remote control model. High levels can be developed robots, such as robot soccer, the

development of industrial control units, network communications, and high-level language with

assembly language or design application. Microcontroller and embedded systems around the

formation of the future of the electronics industry, will provide a vast world of electronic fans, an

even broader than the current wireless world, richer, more durable, more attractive in the digital

world. Plunge into the microcontroller in the world to, will benefit your life.

MCU Attacks

Currently, there are four single chip attack technique, namely: (1) software attack The

technology is commonly used processor communication interface and use protocol, encryption

algorithm or the algorithm of security vulnerabilities to attack. The success of software attack is a

typical example of the early ATMEL AT89C MCU attacks. Attacker single chip erase operation of

the timing design flaw, erase the encryption used by ourselves locked in place, the next stop

on-chip program memory data erase operation, thus bringing into too close a single chip SCM not

encrypted, and then use the programmer to read out chip program. (2) electronic detection of

attacks The technology is usually a high time resolution to monitor the processor during normal

operation of all power and interface simulation features, and by monitoring the electromagnetic

radiation characteristics of it to attack. Because SCM is an active electronic device, when it

executes a different command, the corresponding changes in the power consumption accordingly.

This through the use of special electronic measuring instruments and mathematical statistical

analysis and detection of these changes, you can access key information specific microcontroller.

(3) fault generation technology Abnormal working conditions of the technology used to make the

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毕业设计说明书

processor errors, and provide additional access to attack. Produce the most widely used means of

attack, including the fault of the impact and the clock voltage shock. Low voltage and high voltage

protection circuit attack can be used to prohibit the work of processor execution errors or

enforcement action. Clock transition may reset the transient protection circuit will not damage the

protected information. Power and clock transients transition effects in certain single-processor

instruction decoding and execution. (4) probe This technology is directly exposed to chip

connection, and then observe, manipulate, interfere with single chip to achieve the attack purpose.

For convenience, these four people will attack techniques are divided into two categories is the

intrusion type attack (physical attack), such attack requires destruction of package, then use

semiconductor test equipment, microscopes and micro-positioning device, in a special laboratory

spend hours or even weeks to complete. All of the micro-probe techniques are invasive type attack.

The other three methods are non-invasive type attack, attack the MCU will not be physical

damage. In some cases, non-invasive-type attacks are particularly dangerous, but because of

non-invasive type attacks can usually be made and the necessary equipment to upgrade, so it is

cheap. Most non-invasive type attack requires the attacker have a good knowledge of processors

and software knowledge. In contrast, the invasive type of probe do not need too much of the initial

attack of knowledge, and usually a set of similar technology available to deal with a wide range of

products

MCU general process of invasion-type attack

Invasive type of attack is thrown off its first chip package. There are two ways to achieve this

goal: the first one is completely dissolved out chip package, exposed metal connections. The

second is only removed to the top of the plastic package silicon core. The first method is the need

to bind to the test fixture on the chip, using bind Taiwan to operate. The second method requires

the attacker in addition to a certain degree of knowledge and necessary skills, but also the wisdom

and patience, but operate relatively easy. Above the plastic chips can be opened with a knife,

epoxy around the chip can be eroded by concentrated nitric acid. Hot concentrated nitric acid will

dissolve out without affecting the chip, chip packaging and connection. This process usually very

dry conditions, because the presence of water may erode the aluminum wire connections have

been exposed. Then, in ultrasonic cleaning of the pool first chip with acetone to remove residual

nitric acid, then washed with water to remove salt and dried. No ultrasound pool, are generally

skip this step. This case, the chip surface, a bit dirty, but do not affect the operation of UV effects

on the chip. The final step is to find the location of the protection fuse and fuse protection under

exposure to UV light. General use at least a 100 times magnification microscope, from the

programming voltage input pin of the connection tracking in, to find protection fuse. If there is no

microscope, the

use of different parts of the chip is exposed to ultraviolet light and observe the results under

the simple search mode. Operation applied opaque paper cover to protect the program memory

chips are not erased by ultraviolet light. Will protect the fuse exposed under UV light 5 to 10

minutes to destroy the protection bit of the protective effect, use a simple programmer can directly

read the contents of program memory. The use of the protective layer to protect the MCU

EEPROM cell, using ultraviolet light reset protection circuit is not feasible. For this type of MCU,

the general use of micro-probe technology to read the memory contents. In the chip package is

opened, the chip placed under the microscope can easily find from the memory circuit connected

to other parts of the data bus. For some reason, the chip lock-bit programming mode is not locked

第23页

毕业设计说明书

in the memory of the visit. Advantage of this flaw on the data lines to probe the above data can be

read all you want. In programming mode, restart the process of reading and connect probe to the

other data can be read online program and data memory, all of the information. There is also a

possible means of attack is the use of microscopy and laser cutting machines and other equipment

to find the fuse protection to this part of the circuit tracing and linking all the signal lines. Because

of the design defects, so long as cut off from other circuit protection fuse to a one signal line, you

can ban the entire protection. For some reason, this thread is very far from the other line, so the

use of laser cutting machine can cut the wire without affecting the adjacent line. In this way, using

a simple programmer can directly read the contents of program memory. Although the most

common single chip microcontroller has fuse blown inside the code protection features, but

because of general low-end MCU is not positioning the production of safe products, so they often

do not provide targeted preventive measures and the low level of security. MCU applications with

a broad, large sales volume, commission processing and transfer of technology between firms

frequently spilled a lot of technical data, making use of loopholes in the design of such chips and

test interface manufacturer, and by modifying the invasive type fuse protection bits, etc. means of

attack or invasion-type attack to read MCU's internal procedures

have become easier.

About common single chip

STC microcontroller STC's mainly based on the 8051 microcontroller core is a new

generation of enhanced MCU, the instruction code is fully compatible with the traditional 8051, 8

to 12 times faster, with ADC, 4 Road, PWM, dual serial ports, a global unique ID, encryption of

good, strong anti-interference. PIC Microcontroller: MICROCHIP's products is its prominent

feature is a small, low power consumption, reduced instruction set, interference, reliability, strong

analog interface, the code of confidentiality is good, most of the chip has its compatibleFLASH

program memory chips. EMC SCM: Elan's products in Taiwan, with much of the PIC 8-bit

microcontroller compatible, and compatible products, resources, compared to the PIC's more,

cheap, there are many series of options, but less interference. ATMEL microcontroller (MCU 51):

ATMEl company's 8-bit microcontroller with AT89, AT90 two series, AT89 series is the 8-bit

Flash microcontroller 8051 is compatible with the static clock mode; AT90 RISC MCU is to

enhance the structure, all static methods of work, containing the line can be Flash MCU

programming, also known AVR microcontroller. PHLIPIS 51PLC Microcontroller (MCU 51):

PHILIPS company's MCU is based on the 80C51 microcontroller core, embedded power-down

detection, simulation and on-chip RC oscillator and other functions, which makes 51LPC in

highly integrated, low cost, low power design to meet various applications performance

requirements. HOLTEK SCM: Sheng Yang, Taiwan Semiconductor's single chip, cheap more

categories, but less interference for consumer products. TI company microcontroller (MCU 51):

Texas Instruments MSP430 provides the TMS370 and two series of general-purpose

microcontroller. TMS370 MCU is the 8-bit CMOS MCU with a variety of storage mode, a variety

of external interface mode, suitable for real-time control of complex situations; MSP430 MCU is a

low power, high functionality integrated 16-bit low-power microcontroller, especially for

applications that require low power consumption occasions Taiwan Sonix's single, mostly 8-bit

machines, some with PIC 8-bit microcontroller compatible, cheap, the system clock frequency

may be more options there PMW ADC internal noise filtering within the vibration. Shortcomings

RAM space is too small, better anti-interference.

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毕业设计说明书

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